CCL2 and obesity due to melanocortin 4 receptor deficiency: In this study, we found that HIF-1α mediates MCP1, TNFα, and IFNγ production and that HIF-1α-mediated impairment of liver and EWAT increases IL-1β production [49,50,51], which induced M1 polarization [19,51] in mice contributing to obesity-induced NAFLD.