TNF and neoplasm: In turn, in the course of the cancer, the combination of PD-1 and PD-L1 inhibits the antitumor immunity, resulting in a tumor immune escape on the way of (i) inhibition of TILs activation and induced their apoptosis, (ii) reduction of the secretion of the inflammatory cytokines, including IFN-γ (interferon γ), IL-2, TNF-α (tumor necrosis factor α) and induced immune inhibitory cytokine secretion, such as IL-10, IL-4) stagnating the T cell cycle.