Investigation into the potential effects of NF-κβ activation by inflammatory stimuli on TDP-43 redistribution in various cultured cells (i.e., microglia, astrocytes, and neurons) chronic brain inflammation induced by stimuli of NF-κβ signalling such as TNFα or LPS was found to mediate TDP-43 proteinopathy [111]. Here, NFKB1 is linked to brain inflammatory disease.