At lipid peroxidation level, Atamer et al. demonstrated that the levels of MDA, lipoprotein (a) and homocysteine were significantly higher in CKD patients (n = 60) than in controls, while activity of the enzyme paraoxonase 1 (PON-1) (a component of HDL, with protective role against atherosclerosis by preventing lipoprotein oxidation) was lower [34]. Here, PON1 is linked to chronic kidney disease.