HMGB1 and Parkinson disease: To address this, the presence of cellular senescence was determined using well-known senescence markers, including Special AT-rich sequence binding protein 1 (SATB1), Lamin B1 and High Mobility Group Box 1 (HMGB1), tumor suppressors p21 and p16, and the endo/lysosomal marker, LAMP1 [16,17,18,19,20], as well as abnormal astrocyte morphology in α-syn PFF-induced PD mouse models [8,21,22].