HMGB1 and Parkinson disease: We demonstrate in our studies that both MPP+ and α-syn PFF-induced stress resulted in changes in cellular senescence markers including decreases in Lamin B1 and HMGB1 and increases in p21 in dopaminergic N27 cells, forebrain-derived primary astrocytes and microglia, and in mouse STR, SNc and cortex, which are consistent with the patterns observed in the SNpc of human PD patients.