CCL2 and diabetes mellitus: Several studies have documented that diabetes enhances the production of inflammatory mediators such as p-ERK 1⁄2, p-NF-κB, iNOS, VEGF and MCP-1/CCL2), and how Rho-kinases play a crucial role in the inflammatory signalling, proliferation, fibrosis, and apoptosis through mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) p38MAP kinase and NF-κB activation.