The presence of CLS in breast tissue, and saturated fatty acids which have been linked to obesity-related inflammation, have been shown to stimulate NF-κB activity in macrophages leading to increased levels of TNF-α, IL-1β, and Cox-2, each of which contributed to the induction of aromatase in preadipocytes [57]. Here, TNF is linked to obesity due to melanocortin 4 receptor deficiency.