Our finding of relatively higher numbers of important immunosuppressive subpopulations, CD68 + and PD-L1 + CD68 + (TAMs) and PD-L1 + FOXP3 + CD4 + (T-regulatory) cells in the stroma relative to tumour in low-risk patients, suggests that the ‘tumour-exclusion’ of these cells is important in maintaining an effective anti-tumour immune response and preventing tumour progression. Here, CD4 is linked to neoplasm.