CTLA4 and neoplasm: Upon binding to ligands CD80/CD86 expressed on APC and PD-L1 expressed on tumor cells, the immune checkpoint receptors, cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated protein 4 (CTLA-4) and PD-1, expressed on T cells induce inhibitory signals, leading to inactivation of T cells and immune evasion [177,178].