Interaction of myeloma cells and bone marrow stromal cells (BMSCs) upregulates the production of C-X-C motif chemokine ligand 12 (CXCL12), leading to increased recruitment of human monocytes expressing C-X-C motif chemokine receptor 4 (CXCR4) to myeloma TME (Figure 2B) [49]. Here, CXCL12 is linked to plasma cell myeloma.