Additionally, the association of a decreased density of LTA+ B cells with primary tumor metastasis needs to be evaluated for other human cancer types, particularly in light of the reported promotion of androgen-independent tumor growth in a murine prostate cancer model through B cell-derived LTA/B, which activated pro-tumorigenic IKK-alpha and STAT3 signaling in cancer cells [37]. Here, STAT3 is linked to prostate carcinoma.