Genes coexpressed with DPP9 involved immune-related pathways and networks, such as “Immune response_IFN-alpha/beta signaling via PI3K and NF-κB pathways”, “Immune response_TNF-R2 signaling pathways”, ”Development_GM-CSF signaling“, ”Main growth factor signaling cascades in multiple myeloma cells”, and “Apoptosis and survival_IL-17-induced CIKS-independent signaling pathways” playing essential roles in breast cancer patients (Supplementary Figure S8, Table S6). Here, CSF2 is linked to breast cancer.