TFF3 and atrial fibrillation: Data regarding the involvement of TFF3 in AF and heart disease are scarce but in experimental models TFF3 seems to be elevated during myocardial ischaemia, possibly enhancing ischaemic myocardial resistance.40 Whether TFF3 is an indirect marker of myocardial ischaemia or part of a novel pathophysiological process that leads to mortality in AF needs to be examined further.