Evidence suggests that TNFR1 may participate in the pathophysiology of heart failure by mediating adverse remodelling.43 Furthermore, TNFR1 has been shown to be a predictor for incident heart failure, in particular for the heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF) subtype, a condition that often co-exists with AF.44 The strong association between TNRF1 and mortality in AF has not, to our knowledge, been described previously. This evidence concerns the gene TNFRSF1A and heart failure.