THBS2 and infection: To understand the role of antibodies against Ov-TSP-2 in conferring protection against O. viverrini infection, we raised two monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) to recombinant Ov-TSP-2-LEL, both of which significantly blocked the uptake of Ov-EVs by human cholangiocytes in vitro, and one of which, after passive transfer to hamsters, conferred highly significant protection against challenge infection with O. viverrini compared to a control mAb.