TMPRSS2 and congenital rubella syndrome: In particular, IL-4 was significantly different in modulating TMPRSS2 expression in HNECs cells compared with all other cytokine treatments, controlling for CRS and control patient groups (HSD p-values ranged from 3.6 × 10−5 to 0.027, testing the difference between IL-4 and each of the other cytokine treatment and negative control).