Several studies also described the influence of haemodialysis on Lp(a) concentration in patients with end stage renal disease (ESRD): they present increased Lp(a) levels, related to a large apo(a) isoform, compared to healthy subjects, and 5 to 10 times higher than subjects with kidney disease at early stages; on the contrary, Milionis described Lp(a) elevation in patients treated with peritoneal dialysis regardless of apo(a) isoform size [33]. Here, AOPEP is linked to chronic kidney disease.