Interrogations of the Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) databases using the cBioPortal for Cancer Genomics also revealed major mutations and deletions in the activin/TGF signaling axes (deep deletion and truncating mutations >> amplification of unknown significance) (Table 2 and Figure 2) [119,122,123], indicating that inactivating alterations in these genes (ACVR1B, ACVR2A, ACVR2B, SMAD2, SMAD3, SMAD4, TGFBR1, TGFBR2) offer selection advantages in pancreatic tumor clonal evolution. This evidence concerns the gene SMAD2 and cancer.