BDNF and Parkinson disease: ECT is believed to also exert its effects in PD by increasing neuroplasticity and upregulation of BDNF in various brain regions, with increased hippocampal neurogenesis and mossy fiber sprouting [117]. In the rat hippocampus, enhanced production of endocytosis proteins and membrane trafficking machinery, which transport functional proteins in the neuronal cells, has been identified after 10 days of ECS treatment, suggesting a mechanism by which ECS increases neuroplasticity and results in symptom improvement in PD [117].