INS and Insulin resistance: These potential links may involve the interactions with shared risk factors (e.g., obesity, hyperglycemia, hyperinsulinemia, insulin resistance, high salt intake, smoking, etc.), HP infection, medications (e.g., insulin, metformin, aspirin, statins, proton pump inhibitors, antibiotics, etc.)and comorbidities (e.g., hypertension, dyslipidemia, vascular complications, heart failure, renal failure, etc.)[16].