BRAF and melanoma: The mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway is dysregulated in 90% of melanoma with 50% of patients harboring activating mutations in B-RAF, most commonly the BRAFV600E mutation—an amino acid substitution from valine (V) to glutamic acid (E)—while 28% of patients carry mutations in N-RAS, leading to a constitutively hyperactivated MAPK signaling and increased melanoma cell survival, proliferation, migration, invasion, metastasis and angiogenesis.