Brain insulin resistance-related exosomal protein biomarkers were total insulin receptor substrate-1 (t-IRS-1), P-serine 312-IRS-1 (p-S312-IRS-1), P-tyrosine-IRS-1 (p-Y-IRS-1), and p-S312-IRS-1/p-Y-IRS-1. Here, IRS1 is linked to Insulin resistance.