ATF4 and hepatocellular carcinoma: Finally, when comparing the mRNA expression of the UPR markers in HCC between three ethnic categories (Asian, Black or African American, and White; Figure 8), differences in expression were observed for markers RACK1, ATF4, and SSR2, with the common trend of the expression being elevated in the Asian group compared to the Black or African American and White groups (Figure 8C,D,G).