ATF4 and hepatocellular carcinoma: Notably, the expression of markers RACK1, ATF4, GANAB, PDIA6, SSR2, EIF2S3, CHOP, TRIB3, and CALU, known to be strongly associated with HCC invasiveness and chemoresistance [17,18,19,20], was shown to significantly increase with the progression of HCC to stages 2 and 3 (Figure 4D–L).