TNF and Sepsis: In particular, NFκB is the major transcription factor activated in the acute inflammatory phase of sepsis that upregulates the pro-inflammatory cytokines and effectors (i.e., TNFα, IL-1β, IL-6, iNOS, etc.)that are suppressed in tolerized innate immune cells, and it has also been shown to reprogram the chromatin (i.e., DNA and histone) methylome by regulating expression of certain histone methylases.