We also detected high levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines, including interleukin-6 (IL-6), intercellular cell adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1), vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1), and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα), in the HF tissues compared to the donors (Figure 8E–H). Here, ICAM1 is linked to hydrops fetalis.