TNF and dementia: Furthermore, microbial products (e.g., bacterial amyloids, lipopolysaccharide) activate pathogen-associated molecular pattern-sensitive signaling (e.g., via Toll-like receptor-2 or -4) that leads to activation of microglia and generation of proinflammatory cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor α and interleukin 1 β in the central nervous system [113,114].An association of inflammatory bowel disease and dementia has also been reported [115] providing further evidence of the possible involvement of gut homeostasis in the disorders of the CNS.