TGFB1 and Alzheimer disease: Interestingly, lower concentrations of omega-3 fatty acids (in particular, eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA)) have been detected in humans in fasting plasma associated with lower TGF-β1 levels [103], and the supplementation with high dose of omega-3 fatty acids is able to reduce depressive symptoms in adolescent depressed patients [115]; despite this evidence, new clinical studies both in depressed and AD patients are needed in order to understand whether the cognitive-enhancing activity of omega-3 PUFA can be mediated by a rescue of TGF-β1.