In addition to the above-mentioned in vitro studies, the ability of carnosine to increase the production of TGF-β1, also playing a key role in hippocampal synaptic plasticity and memory [43], has also been observed in vivo in a mouse model of type 2 diabetes [126], a known risk factor for the development of AD [127,128]. The gene discussed is TGFB1; the disease is Alzheimer disease.