TGFB1 and Mental deterioration: Still considering the immune cells, in a model of an Aβ-induced neuroinflammation, carnosine was able to increase the gene expression levels as well as the protein secretion of TGF-β1, simultaneously preventing microglial cell death and lowering oxidative stress [47], all factors that are strictly connected to the risk of developing dementia and, more in general, to the aging-related cognitive decline [125].