The TGF-β pathway has been well documented in the pathogenesis of liver fibrosis in NAFLD, in which TGF-β serves as a pleiotropic cytokine that regulates the SMAD (small mothers against decapentaplegic) signaling, and TGF-β/SMAD is a typical pathway that stimulates HSCs activation and extracellular matrix protein generation and deposition [136,140]. Here, TGFB1 is linked to metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease.