Increasing evidence links PI3K/AKT signaling to the control of MMP production in normal and cancer cells [332,369,389,390,391,392,393,394], which is not entirely surprising considering that factors known to be regulated by Ras–PI3K, such as growth factors (TGF-β, EGF, PDGF and FGF-2) and inflammatory cytokines (IL-1, IL-6 and TNF-α), are regulators of MMP levels [395]. This evidence concerns the gene PIK3CD and cancer.