TGFB1 and cancer: Compared to the low HSPA7 expression group, the high HSPA7 expression group exhibited marked enrichment of stromal activation pathways [angiogenesis, epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT), VEGF, and TGF-β signaling pathways], oncogenic signaling pathways (hypoxia, apoptosis, PI3K Akt MTOR signaling, glycolysis, KRAS signaling, and other pathways), and immune responses (IL6 Jak stat3 signaling, which exerts immunosuppressive effects on T cell function and mediates ICB resistance in cancers (35), inflammatory response; interferon response; complement; and other pathways).