PTEN and cancer: Thus, dysregulations of PI3K-AKT signaling pathway are frequently occurred in various types of tumors (around 50% of human cancers), including but not limited to the amplification/gain-of-function mutations of PIK3CA, Ki-ras2 Kirsten rat sarcoma viral oncogene homolog (KRAS), PDPK1 (encoding PDK1) and AKT, or deletion/loss-of-function mutations of phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN), neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1), Von Hippel-Lindau (VHL) and protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A) [2].