CST3 and Duchenne muscular dystrophy: Previous studies have demonstrated the potential usefulness of cystatin C as a marker of kidney function in patients with Duchenne muscular dystrophy [13, 14], amyotrophic lateral sclerosis [15] and myotonic dystrophy 1 [16], but in a study in children and adolescents with spinal dysraphism the authors concluded that slightly to moderately reduced kidney function could still remain undiagnosed [31].