APOL1 and focal segmental glomerulosclerosis: Previous reports indicate that interferon gamma (IFN-γ), which is produced in response to HIV infection, is a potent inducer of APOL1 expression in vitro and that IFN-γ treatment can cause collapsing focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS) in humans with a high-risk APOL1 genotype (Nichols et al., 2015).