GPBAR1 and atherosclerosis: Activation of TGR5 has been shown to improve myocardial function,[70] induce nitric oxide production and reduce monocyte adhesion in vascular endothelial cells,[71] stimulate smooth muscle relaxation,[72] and reduce macrophage inflammation and atherosclerosis.[73,74] Activation of both FXR and TGR5 protects mice against atherosclerosis.[75]