Hyperinsulinemia has become a research hotspot as a potential mediator for the growth of obesity-related BC, and the increased plasma levels of insulin independently predict the increased risk and mortality in obesity-related tumors, including BC and several other tumor types (17, 55) Obesity-related hyperinsulinemia could lead to the abnormal insulin signaling pathway, which may affect the expression and localization of insulin receptor (InsR), in BC (56). This evidence concerns the gene INS and neoplasm.