In another preclinical study, a single dose of ammonium glycyrrhizinate induced anti-inflammatory and antinociceptive effects lasting 24–48 h, presumably due to its ability to bind the COX/microsomal prostaglandin E synthase (mPGE) pathway.27 A murine study found that GLA 1 had significant anti-inflammatory and antinociceptive activities that were mediated via attenuating the expression of COX-2 and proinflammatory cytokines.28 GLA 1 has been proposed recently as a treatment for rheumatoid arthritis and endometriosis by targeting COX-2.23,29. Here, PTGS2 is linked to rheumatoid arthritis.