TNF and viral infectious disease: TNFα is one of the most widely studied proinflammatory cytokine involved in numerous bacterial, parasitic and viral infections and was suggested as a biomarker of digestive pathologies in weaned piglets due to its correlation with villi/crypt ratio damages (Van Reeth et al., 2002; Gustavo Hermes et al., 2013; Barba-Vidal et al., 2017; López-Colom et al., 2019).