SMAD3 and cardiovascular disorder: GSK-3β is involved in the development of many cardiovascular diseases via multiple signal transduction pathways, such as Wnt/β-catenin (Guo et al., 2012), TGF-β1-SMAD-3 (Jope et al., 2007; Lal et al., 2014) and apoptosis (Lal et al., 2015; Su et al., 2019).