ULK1 and infection: Infection of RAW 264.7 macrophages with ΔPE_PGRS20 and ΔPE_PGRS47 resulted in increased Atg5 and decreased p62 (SQSTM1) and phospho-Unc-51-like autophagy-activating kinase 1 (Ulk1) compared to wild-type M. tuberculosis infection (Fig. 2D and E).