For example, assume there was a patient with a lower level of injury (below C4) identified by neuroimaging and their AIS grade was C, PLR value was 360, NPAR value was 36, and admission Hb concentration was 103 g/L; the probability of ARF occurrence in this patient would be 59.8% (95% CI 16.6–91.7) based on our model (Fig. 4a, b). The gene discussed is GSTM1; the disease is acute kidney injury.