Tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) represents the critical mediating factor for tumor-related inflammation in the tumor area, and it can cause a number of chemokines to be generated 38-45, chronic low-dose TNF-α can even cause dismal prognostic outcome, hormone tolerance, and cachexia, and has been shown to induce tumor growth and metastases 46-49, but it is unclear whether TNF-α-mediated chronic inflammation can synergistically enhance EMT-mediated CC metastases by inducing the expression of chemokines. This evidence concerns the gene TNF and neoplasm.