LYZ and Pain: TLR4 exerts its effects through the activation and nuclear localization of NF-κB and the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines, which can activate pain receptors to cause neuropathic pain.381,382 Relevant studies have revealed for the first time that lysozyme acts as an endogenous ligand for activating TLR4 in sterile nerve injury, thereby promoting neuronal excitement and neuropathic pain.383 The identification of lysozyme as DAMPs has improved our understanding of neuroinflammation and opened up prospects for the treatment of neuropathic pain.