PTGS2 and neoplasm: After stimulation and activation, it can induce a variety of immunosuppressive factors, thus promoting the proliferation and immune escape of colon cancer cells.326 First, TLR4 can produce trophic factors and vascular growth factors through the TLR4/MyD88/NF-κB signaling pathway, thereby promoting tumor cell invasion.327,328 Second, TLR4 can promote tumor proliferation through TLR4/Cyclooxygenase 2 (COX2)/prostaglandin E2 (PGE2).