CD8A and infection: Indeed, we recently made progress in understanding the impact of adaptive immune defects in systemic immunity in cirrhosis by showing dysfunction in the CD8+ T cell population, with an expansion of a suppressor peripheral CD8+ T cell populations in patients with cirrhosis, characterised by high human leucocyte antigen (HLA)-DR and TIM-3 surface expression, associated with concomitant infections and disease severity, respectively.15 We therefore suggest a key role of suppressive regulation as a mediator of impairment of systemic adaptive immune responses in patients with liver disease.