No information was available for the stroke patients undergoing any LPA treatments in all the included studies in our meta-analysis. Only 11 studies21,35,38,40–42,44,45,52,54,55 reported calculated OR with 95% CI for the association of Lp (a) with the risk of IS as compared to control subjects; which have been used directly for estimating pooled ORs with 95% CI. Here, LPA is linked to Stroke.