TGFB1 and head and neck squamous cell carcinoma: In HNSCC, myofibroblastic differentiation of normal oral fibroblasts is initiated through transforming growth factor β (TGFβ)-dependent pathways, which has been shown to be amplified in the presence of interleukin (IL) 1β.47 Furthermore, neoplastic cells secrete FAP and platelet-derived growth factor A (PDGF-A), which is suggested to contribute to the accumulation of CAF in TME.45,46