CSF1 and cancer: Further supporting this data, the chemotactic signaling of VEGF, monocyte chemotactic protein 1, and macrophage colony-stimulating factor-1 resulted in the accumulation of tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) in the TME, correlating with an unfavorable prognosis in a range of malignancies.43,53,54 Although the presence of inflammation may be beneficial in eliminating neoplastic growths, an immune response that is regulated by cancer cells produce an opportunity for the development of malignant cells that are capable of escaping the destructive effects of the immune system.