The roles of cytokines in cancer have been well-studied and these cytokines have been divided into three groups based on their functions: regulation of tumor cell proliferation, a marker of prognosis, and potential targets of immunotherapy.95 HNSCCs express TGFβ, which is a key cytokine in Treg cell activation and NK cell suppression.96 In addition, IL-6 and IL-10 signaling have been reported to have tumor-promoting functions. Here, TGFB1 is linked to cancer.