Moreover, VEGF, the key promoter of angiogenesis, has been reported to be overexpressed in the majority of HNSCC,101 and has been shown to supress DC maturation, which results in T-lymphocyte inactivation and dysregulation.102 Furthermore, TLRs stimulate the expression of proinflammatory cytokines such as TNFα and IFN-γ resulting in a Th1 lymphocyte response. This evidence concerns the gene TNF and head and neck squamous cell carcinoma.