TGFB1 and cancer: This process could induce the differentiation of TAMs into M2 macrophages, diminishing antitumor effects.124,125 Under hypoxic stress, TAMs secrete TNF-α, IL-1, IL-6, IL-8, VEGF, GM-CSF, and TGFβ, promoting angiogenesis, and MMP, promoting cancer cell invasion.