Numerous studies have reported a negative correlation between patient outcome and level of TAMs infiltrating into the TME in HNSCC.82–86 These findings are highly dependent on TAM expression of PDGF, TGFβ, EGF, IL-1, IL-6, and TNF-α, which generates a favorable environment for tumor growth. Here, TGFB1 is linked to head and neck squamous cell carcinoma.