INS and Insulin resistance: These results are in line with our results, where male mice on the vitamin B3 deficient diet showed insulin resistance, a mildly impaired metabolic flexibility and differential expression in white adipose tissue of seven vitamin B3 responsive genes [17], while females fed the same period the same 0NR diet did not display these adverse health signs; their insulin sensitivity (Fig. 5), metabolic flexibility (Fig. 1), and white adipose tissue gene expression of the seven vitamin B3 responsive genes (Fig. 3) was comparable to these parameters in the 30NR control female mice.