In OS patients, risk factors for CHD included hypertension, diabetes, body mass index, lactate dehydrogenase level, and tidal volume; risk factors for heart failure included diabetes, partial pressure of oxygen, partial pressure of carbon dioxide, maximum ventilatory volume, and neutrophilic granulocyte percentage; and risk factors for PAH included minimum nocturnal oxygen saturation, partial pressure of carbon dioxide, and brain natriuretic peptide and lactate dehydrogenase levels. This evidence concerns the gene NPPB and pulmonary arterial hypertension.