TLR8 and neoplasm: TLR7/TLR8 activation via TLR7/TLR8 agonist R848 induces M-MDSC differentiation into anti-tumor M1-type macrophages, whereas TLR1/TLR2 activation facilitates the M-MDSC transformation into suppressive M2-type macrophages (Wang et al., 2015; Shayan et al., 2018; Liu et al., 2020).