Notably, our study was performed on mouse macrophages infected with G. duodenalis, whereas Giardia muris might be a better option for establishing a model of Giardia infection in mice (Roberts-Thomson et al., 1976; Stevens and Roberts-Thompson, 1978); moreover, Giardia-induced activation of TLRs, including TLR9, may differ among Giardia species (Koh et al., 2013; Bhargava et al., 2015). This evidence concerns the gene TLR9 and giardiasis.