The upregulated genes included those involved in AML progression (GATA6, SPHK1, JUN, ATF3, SPARC) (Nian et al., 2014; Powell et al., 2017; Zhou et al., 2017; Kamijo et al., 2018), and their upregulation was confirmed by RT-PCR (Figures 3E,F). This evidence concerns the gene ATF3 and acute myeloid leukemia.