TLR4 and infection: Trypanosoma cruzi experimental infection in TLR-deficient mice showed that TLR2 (Bafica et al., 2006), TLR4 (Oliveira et al., 2010), TLR7 (Caetano et al., 2011), and TLR9 (Bartholomeu et al., 2008) play a role in host resistance (Oliveira et al., 2010; Rodrigues et al., 2012).