Studies have found that galunisertib inhibits TGF-β1-mediated EMT and tumor cell migration, reverses TGF-β1-mediated CD8+ T cell and NK cell immunosuppression, and exerts a potent antitumor effect in various tumor models (including MX1 human xenograft breast cancer model, Calu6 human xenograft lung cancer model, and 4T1 breast tumor model) [182]. This evidence concerns the gene TGFB1 and breast neoplasm.